Changing, priming, and acting on values: Effects via motivational relations in a circular model

Circular models of values and goals suggest that some motivational aims are consistent with each other, some oppose each other, and others are orthogonal to each other. The present experiments tested this idea explicitly by examining how value confrontation and priming methods influence values and value-consistent behaviors throughout the entire value system. Experiment 1 revealed that change in 1 set of social values causes motivationally compatible values to increase in importance, whereas motivationally incompatible values decrease in importance and orthogonal values remain the same. Experiment 2 found that priming security values reduced the better-than-average effect, but priming stimulation values increased it. Similarly, Experiments 3 and 4 found that priming security values increased cleanliness and decreased curiosity behaviors, whereas priming self-direction values decreased cleanliness and increased curiosity behaviors. Experiment 5 found that priming achievement values increased success at puzzle completion and decreased helpfulness to an experimenter, whereas priming with benevolence values decreased success and increased helpfulness. These results highlight the importance of circular models describing motivational interconnections between values and personal goals

Basic human values: implicit structure, dynamic properties and attitudinal consequences

The concept of values has long been suggested as an important concept across social sciences (e.g. Inglehart, 1977; Kluckhohn, 1951; Williams, 1968). Despite the lack of agreement on the content of values and also diversity of perspectives on the roles of values (Kluckhohn, 1951; Van Deth and Scarbrough, 1995) there is a general agreement about the vital role of values in human beings' lives (Dewey, 1939; Hechter, 1992; Joas, 1996; Kluckhohn, 1951; Mandler, 1993; Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1992). To help to get a better idea about content and role of values, this thesis discusses important contemporary theories of values and then presents evidence testing one of these theories, which suggests a dynamic circumplex structure of values based on motivational conflicts and compatibilities among them (Schwartz, 1992). Six experiments provided strong support for this model of values. Experiments 1 to 3 provided support for the circumplex structure by revealing the first evidence of inter-value relations in memory. That is, they revealed that people judge the conceptual relations between pairs of motivationally congruent values and motivationally opposing values quicker than pairs of motivationally unrelated values. Moreover, the results explained how motivational conflicts and compatibilities affected response times over and above semantic relations. Experiment 4 supported the circumplex structure of values by providing evidence that prioritizing specific values not only increases the importance of the prioritized values and similar values, but also decreases the importance of opposed values. Experiment 5 revealed that priming a specific value increases likelihood of the value-relevant behaviours, while decreasing value-opposed behaviours. Finally, Experiment 6 found support for influence of value conflicts on feelings of ambivalence. Overall, the results offered further support for the circumplex structure of values and extended prior research using new methods (e.g. measuring value associations in memory), designs (e.g. effects of value change on behaviours relevant to different values), and measures (e.g. feelings of ambivalence)

Basic human values : implicit structure, dynamic properties and attitudinal consequences

The concept of values has long been suggested as an important concept across social sciences (e.g. Inglehart, 1977; Kluckhohn, 1951; Williams, 1968). Despite the lack of agreement on the content of values and also diversity of perspectives on the roles of values (Kluckhohn, 1951; Van Deth and Scarbrough, 1995) there is a general agreement about the vital role of values in human beings' lives (Dewey, 1939; Hechter, 1992; Joas, 1996; Kluckhohn, 1951; Mandler, 1993; Rokeach, 1973; Schwartz, 1992). To help to get a better idea about content and role of values, this thesis discusses important contemporary theories of values and then presents evidence testing one of these theories, which suggests a dynamic circumplex structure of values based on motivational conflicts and compatibilities among them (Schwartz, 1992). Six experiments provided strong support for this model of values. Experiments 1 to 3 provided support for the circumplex structure by revealing the first evidence of inter-value relations in memory. That is, they revealed that people judge the conceptual relations between pairs of motivationally congruent values and motivationally opposing values quicker than pairs of motivationally unrelated values. Moreover, the results explained how motivational conflicts and compatibilities affected response times over and above semantic relations. Experiment 4 supported the circumplex structure of values by providing evidence that prioritizing specific values not only increases the importance of the prioritized values and similar values, but also decreases the importance of opposed values. Experiment 5 revealed that priming a specific value increases likelihood of the value-relevant behaviours, while decreasing value-opposed behaviours. Finally, Experiment 6 found support for influence of value conflicts on feelings of ambivalence. Overall, the results offered further support for the circumplex structure of values and extended prior research using new methods (e.g. measuring value associations in memory), designs (e.g. effects of value change on behaviours relevant to different values), and measures (e.g. feelings of ambivalence).EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Towards a Knowledge Management Approach in the Engineering Educational Settings: Technical & Engineering College of Persian Gulf University; as Case Study

Nowadays, universities and higher education Institutions need infrastructures for effective contribution in the process of knowledge creation and transfer on the basis of knowledge Management and organizational learning. Knowledge Management is one of the effective tools for creation, transfer, and share of knowledge in a learning university. In this research, views of faculty members at different departments of School of Engineering, Persian Gulf University on the above issues is studied and analyzed with SPSS software. The method is based on a descriptive research, and research questions designed for investigating magnitude of knowledge, information and communication technology infrastructures, culture, and design and development of research engine in the university. Results show and discuss the relative importance of these components in the process of creation, transfer, and share of knowledge in this faculty. Finally the paper presents some suggestions for application of knowledge management approach in technical and engineering colleges

Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy (C.B.G.T) in Increasing the Self Esteem & Decreasing the Hopelessness of β-Thalassemic Adolescents

Background: Thalassemic patients are prone to impair self-esteem duo to life-long side effects. Abnormal appearance at young age and higher risk of blood infections such as AIDS and hepatitis, affect their marriage opportunities. These side effects lead to hopelessness and isolation.. This experimental study was carried out to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy (C.B.G.T) on stimulation of self-esteem in β-Thalasemic adolescents. Methods: A total of 59 Thalassemic patients were recruited and randomly assigned into experimental or control group. The experimental group participated in eight C.B.G.T sessions of 90 minutes each, following a manualized treatment protocol. The findings were assessed by using independent group t-test, two way ANOVA and regression analysis to examine the effect of the intervention on dependent variables (self-esteem and hopelessness). Results: The score of hopelessness was decreased significantly (p<.001) and self-esteem was increased significantly (p<.001). There was positive direct correlation on self-esteem and hopelessness (P0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, cognitive behavioral group therapy leads to decrease in hopelessness and increase in self-esteem in general, familial, and educational level but it doesn’t lead to increasing social self esteem. It is necessary to increase social supports for these patients

Basic human values: inter-value structure in memory

Three experiments examined the latent structure of values. Participants rated the importance of values clustered in pairs. Based on [Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.] circular model, we predicted and found that the time to rate the second value in each pair was shorter when the two values were motivationally congruent or opposing than when the two values were unrelated (Experiment 1). As expected, this was not the case when participants had to compare the importance of values within each pair (Experiment 2). Finally, semantic relatedness between values failed to explain the effects of motivational compatibility (Experiment 3). Taken together, these results reveal a coherent pattern of value relations driven by motivational compatibilities, over and above perceived semantic relatedness

Basic human values: Inter-value structure in memory

Three experiments examined the latent structure of values. Participants rated the importance of values clustered in pairs. Based on [Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.] circular model, we predicted and found that the time to rate the second value in each pair was shorter when the two values were motivationally congruent or opposing than when the two values were unrelated (Experiment 1). As expected, this was not the case when participants had to compare the importance of values within each pair (Experiment 2). Finally, semantic relatedness between values failed to explain the effects of motivational compatibility (Experiment 3). Taken together, these results reveal a coherent pattern of value relations driven by motivational compatibilities, over and above perceived semantic relatedness